Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official home of the President of India. I decided to beat my embarrassment by getting into the water and stayed there till most of the guests had left! Rashtrapati Bhavan Interior Design and Architecture. The walls and stones are saturated in contemporary history, witness to the many tumultuous political debates that patterned the transfer of power from Britain to the Indian secular democratic republic, with Louis Mountbatten ceremoniously descending the grand steps down to the forecourt and Chakravarty Rajagopalachari—the last Governor-General of India—taking the baton from him. The dome is the heart of Rashtrapati Bhavan, overlooking New Delhi from the pinnacle of power, Raisina Hill. Independence Day 2018: A book that traces the artistic journey of India’s first residence, Rashtrapati Bhavan, GQ India | VOGUE India | Condé Nast Traveller India, Grand, sweeping steps lead up from the forecourt to a portico with imposing pillars—the entrance to Rashtrapati Bhavan. See more ideas about edwin lutyens, architecture, india. The responsibility for the primary architecture was given to the famous British architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens. While he had demanded that costs be reduced, he nevertheless wanted the house to retain a certain amount of ceremonial grandeur. © 2021 Architectuul | About | Terms | Privacy | Future Architecture Platform Member, "The ultimate aim of all creative activity is building.". Mukherjee also revamped the ‘Change of Guard’ ceremony, while retaining its old-world military pomp and precision, and relocated it so the public would have better access to this spectacular event. The decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Jetzt verfügbar bei AbeBooks.de - ISBN: 9788123021270 - Hardcover - Publications Division - 2016 - Zustand: New - 270pp.The Rashtrapati Bhavan is part of the narrative of international architecture and town-planning, which entered a new phase at the beginning of the 20th century. The elaborately carved windows ensure adequate ventilation, and also curb the sharp, strong daylight during the long and extreme summer months that invade the plains of north India each year. The bull is placed on an axis that connects it visually to India Gate, the War Memorial, and beyond to Indraprastha, the first city of a many-layered New Delhi. Im Herz von Neu Delhi ist der prunkvolle Präsidenten Palast - Rashtrapati Bhavan. Four fountains mark each corner of the plinth on which the dome is placed. Believer of the fact that architecture must be constructive and expressive, he once famously said, “Climate is the architect’s colour.” The main gates of Rashtrapati Bhavan open to a stately path, called the Forecourt that leads to the main building. Open courtyards, long perpendicular corridors and deep verandas lead off most of the rooms and reception halls, linking the many wings and spaces. This presidential home represents the shared legacies, the living human skills, and, most importantly, continuity in transformation and reinvention. While Lutyens knew about the gradient, and the possibility that the Viceroy's palace would be obscured by the road, it is thought that Lutyens did not fully realise how little the front of the house would be visible. In 1911 Delhi became the capital of British India after Kolkata and the Brithshers constructed impressive buildings especially in the area around Civil Lines and Kashmiri Gate.Raisina Hill houses the most notable examples of Lutyens Delhi where Rashtrapati Bhavan, stands in the middle. It is a self-contained oasis in the heart of the capital. The palace developed very similarly to the original sketches which Lutyens sent Herbert Baker from Simla on June 14, 1912. The pendant light overhead was designed by Lutyens, and features the recurring motif of overlapping pairs of concentric circles. The British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens helped with the design of the stately property. of India Collection HindSwaraj; JaiGyan Digitizing sponsor Public.Resource.Org Contributor Public Resource … Rashtrapati Bhavan: Wonderful architecture - See 1,762 traveler reviews, 919 candid photos, and great deals for New Delhi, India, at Tripadvisor. To be invited to a presidential banquet is an honour. This included ours at AD, and we embarked on our shoot, well prepared to capture the history and grandeur of this seldom-seen home. Dieses Stockfoto: Regierungsgebäude, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Indien - APK3XX aus der Alamy-Bibliothek mit Millionen von Stockfotos, Illustrationen und Vektorgrafiken in hoher Auflösung herunterladen. It took approximately 20 years and 15 million pounds to build New Delhi. An interesting quirk: every fireplace is one-of-a-kind with no repetition. Lutyens thought Baker was more concerned with making money and pleasing the government, rather than making a good architectural design. A presidential banquet is a thing of grandeur and the table is carefully orchestrated for the occasion, in a fine brocade runner, silver flatware, cut-crystal glasses, and either a Rosenthal dinner set or silver thaalis—all embossed with the national insignia. The bedrooms he created were comparatively sparse, in contrast to the grandeur and opulence of the public rooms. Der britische Architekt Sir Edwin Lutyens half bei der Gestaltung des herrschaftliche Anwesens. Lutyens travelled between India and England almost every year for twenty years, to work on the building of the Viceroy's House in both countries. British architect Edwin Lutyens, who designed this home, invented the order of architecture used here, and in much of New Delhi. Jahrhunderts. The lined capitals on the pillars along the portico, embellished with four bells at the top, are part of a style—christened the Delhi Order—created for the city. Rashtrapati Bhavan, which used to be the ‘Viceroy’s House’ before independence, is now a home to our country’s President. A personal footman stands behind each chair to help the guests. These changes have not only made the presidential residence an accessible landmark, but have also piqued the collective curiosity of many, if not all, Indian citizens. This awe-inspiring ambience epitomises the definition of regal formality, a legacy of the past that continues today with almost the same splendour that this home has witnessed over many decades. The flag flying on the central dome looks out, over the forecourt, to the Jaipur Column, created by British sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger, atop which sits the Star of India. The capitals of the pillars, adorned with bells, are one of the elements of Lutyens’ Delhi Order To quote conservation architect Ratish Nanda: “Just like the [Lodi dynasty] built like giants, but finished their buildings like jewellers, so did Edwin Lutyens.”. Rare first editions are stacked carefully in specially designed glass-fronted shelving, and there are two oil paintings that were specially commissioned for this room, one that hangs over the fireplace and the other mounted on the opposite wall. The floor, with its sweeping strokes of a bold inlay design in contrasting coloured stone, is polished to perfection. The building covers the floor area of around 200,000 sq ft. Crimson velvet banners—with the emblem of India carefully embroidered in gold thread—hang from the walls. Rashtrapati Bhavan (Hindi for Presidential House) is the official home of the President of India. There are two rooms that are used for government deliberations with the President, one more formal than the other. As the plan for New Delhi was developed, the Governor-General's residence was given an enormous scale and prominent position. Suspended from the centre of the ceiling is a two-ton crystal chandelier, which has illuminated many important historic events, including the swearing-in ceremony of Jawaharlal Nehru as the first prime minister of India. India’s Rashtrapati Bhavan comprises of four floors and 340 rooms in total. Directly under the dome, atop which is the Indian flag, sits the circular Durbar Hall, bound by tall pillars with bell-capitals, akin to those in the portico, that hold up a stunning vaulted ceiling. Lutyens designed the building and all its meticulous details as well as the interior rooms, public halls and private wings. The sweeping strokes of this patterned, inlaid floor provide sharp contrast to the finely gilded ceiling, which was handpainted by skilled artisans. He introduced the chajjas, the awnings above the windows, with an underlay of the pattern seen at Golkonda Fort in Andhra Pradesh. It is the last of many ?places? He had been an active participant in the Arts and Crafts Movement, and, therefore, respected the skills of the hand, and used the artisans to create extraordinary structures in brick and stone. This formal hall is understated in its overpowering elegance. It is a careful and somewhat lyrical mapping of a section of the globe that linked our two countries, and the extraordinary craftsmanship takes this mural to the level of a salutary work of art. Free vector icon. In 1916 the Imperial Delhi committee dismissed Lutyens's proposal to alter the gradient. Two paintings were specially commissioned for this room, one of which is seen hanging over the fireplace. Courtyards have water bodies and ponds with fountains playing, all in an effort to keep the space cool. In late 2013, the President also instituted an in-residence programme for artists, writers and innovation scholars. The inlay star pattern on the landing is another recurring motif in Lutyens’ design. Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said that ‘India should be governed from a palace, not from a country house’, ordered the construction of a grand mansion between 1799 and 1803 and in 1854, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there. The carpet is decorated in vivid floral motifs. The premises of the Rashtrapati Bhavan has been divided into three circuits and can be accessed by an authorised visitor at specific times slots over the day. Lutyens and Baker who had been assigned to work on the Viceroy's House and the Secretariats, began on friendly terms. Above the door in the arched passage, Lutyens has yet again used the intertwined pairs of concentric circles on the ventilation window. While Lutyens wanted the Viceroy's House to be higher, he was forced to move it back from the intended position, which resulted in a dispute with Baker. The drive up to the T shaped Forecourt, is lined with trees and water channels making it a beauteous sight. Meanwhile, between 1911 and 1916, 300 families were evicted under the "1894 Land Acquisition Act" from Raisina and Malcha villages, thus clearing about 4,000 acres to begin the construction the Viceroy’s House. A Work of Beauty : The Architecture and Landscape of Rashtrapati Bhavan by Narayani Gupta (editor); Ram Rahman (photographer) Publication date 2016 Topics Hind Swaraj, Rashtrapati Bhavan Publisher Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. This majestic Rashtrapati Bhavan was earlier known as Viceroy’s House was built during the British period. In the library, the white marble and sandstone floors feature geometric and floral inlays. The plan to build a residence for the British Viceroy in New Delhi was taken after it was decided in Delhi Darbar in December 1911. Lutyens wanted to make a long inclined grade all the way to Viceroy's House with retaining walls on either side. The capitals of the pillars, adorned with bells, are one of the elements of Lutyens’ Delhi Order, All rights reserved @ Architectural Digest India 2021. Not all parties held there are advertised as grandiose, formal events, but, given that it’s Rashtrapati Bhavan, every party is. The committee with Lutyens and Baker established in January 1914 said the grade was to be no steeper than 1 in 25, though it eventually was changed to 1 in 22, a steeper gradient which made it more difficult to see the Viceroy's palace. Rashtrapati Bhavan consists of the reception hall, state office, tennis courts, cricket ground, a suitable place for children, grounds for playing polo, a residence for employees, and Mughal Gardens (presidential gardens) behind the building. As the plan for New Delhi was developed, the Governor-General's residence was given an enormous scale and prominent position. When former President of India, Pranab Mukherjee and his wife (who passed away in 2015) moved into Rashtrapati Bhavan in 2012, they took steps to turn it into a welcoming edifice for the average Indian citizen. A vaulted ceiling of a passage in marble, which leads into interconnecting halls and corridors, linking the rooms within the larger grid. This veranda flanks the side of the building with pillars on the outer side, overlooking the forecourt. The original plan was to have Viceroy's House on the top of Raisina Hill, with the secretariats lower down. He was inspired by the shape and symbolic strength of the Pantheon in Rome and the geometric, patterned enclosure wall of the Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh, which, in bits and pieces, clearly influenced the design of the central grey dome as well as the border at its base. Its floor is a masterpiece of filigree inlay work in white- and sand-coloured stone. He designed the nursery, as well as mobiles with bulbs that lit up multi-coloured hangings. The building was created during the time period of Edwardian Baroque. It was in 1911 that George V, King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India, declared India was to have a new capital: New Delhi. As you drive in through the majestic wrought iron gates and turn into the forecourt, a dramatic sweep of broad, linear steps lead from the forecourt up to the imposingly pillared portico, the entrance to the great Ashoka Hall. The waiters are dressed in white and red uniforms, embellished in the front with the emblem of the Union of India embroidered in gold cord, and wearing elaborate, traditional headgear. This 130-hectare estate also includes Mughal Gardens along with residence staff and many other offices. And finally, when you step out from the wide, covered verandas that take the inside out, into Lutyens’ Mughal Garden, a story unfolds—one of continuity and deep respect for the manifestations and symbols of the past. Lights were designed as well, like the large, elongated ‘Lutyens’ pendant lights with the motif of intertwined, concentric circles in metal. The shimmering yellow light, from the candlelight bulbs of the carved crystal chandeliers, envelops the room enhancing the multiple hues and shades of the ceiling mural as well as the details of the magnificent carpet underfoot. Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens ([ˈlʌtjənz]; * 29. Lutyens had to reduce the building size from 13,000,000 cubic feet (370,000 m3) to 8,500,000 cubic feet (240,000 m3) because of the budget restrictions of Lord Hardinge. The ultimate aim of all creative activity is building. The President’s study is a more private space that overlooks the Mughal Garden at ground level. Lutyens' design is grandly classical overall, with colours and details inspired by Indian architecture. Das Bauvolumen beträgt 240.000 m³. Jaalis, like chhajjas and chhatris, are also of typical Indian designs which add beauty to the architecture of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Here, the president introduces each guest individually, by name, to the guest of honour. Grand, sweeping steps lead up from the forecourt to a portico with imposing pillars—the entrance to Rashtrapati Bhavan. Jan 21, 2015 - Take a walk through Rashtrapati Bhavan, the grand residence of the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee and his wife Suvra Mukherjee. After a fair amount of socializing, the president and visiting dignitaries are heralded into the hall, followed by his aides-de-camp. Lutyens was an old world architect, a craftsman who was able to meld beauty and practicality, incorporate old building traditions into a contemporary idiom, and who was influenced by motifs and textures, colour palettes and shapes, all of which he brought into play within the larger architectural schematic. The Rashtrapati Bhavan architecture is credited to the British architect, Edwin Landseer Lutyens whose designs are noted for imparting a classical and grand European style with influences of Indian motifs and details interspersed in his structures. Shift PM house closer to Rashtrapati Bhavan, suggests Central Vista architect Union minister Hardeep Puri clarified that the existing Parliament complex, … The structure of Rashtrapati Bhavan, with its varied architectural elements taken from Hindu, Rajput and Mughal India and then interlaced with the more severe colonial interventions, makes for a wonderful synthesis of cultural influences from across the world that India accepted and assimilated over centuries. “For instance, the fact that the Sanchi stupa was the model for the Rashtrapati Bhavan is quite obvious,” she says. The British architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens, a major member of the city-planning process, was given the primary architectural responsibility. The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official home of the President of India, located in New Delhi, Delhi, India. It was Sir Lutyens who conceptualized the H shaped building, covering an area of 5 acres on a 330 acre estate. Es steht westlich des India Gate und umfasst 340 Zimmer auf 4 Stockwerken. The decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Viceroy was taken after it was decided in the Delhi Durbar of 1911 that the capital of India would be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in the same year. British architect Edwin Lutyens, who designed this home, invented the order of architecture used here, and in much of New Delhi. All the essential elements came together in a complex pattern with seamless ease, through the lens of a man privileged with a creative mind and a free hand to make his dream a living reality. The scale of Rashtrapati Bhavan is overwhelming. It was here that commissions and committees debated the modalities for the transfer of power from the Crown to independent India. Ashoka Hall is mesmerizing in its grandeur. Architecture of Rashtrapati Bhavan. The alcoves house objets d’art—gifts given to the President by visiting heads of state. Here too, Lutyens used the Delhi Order—seen in the capitals, adorned with stone bells, on the pillars. Its architect was Edwin Landseer Lutyens. The present day Rashtrapati Bhavan was the erstwhile residence of the British Viceroy. This grand stairway leads to Ashoka Hall and its impressive vaulted ceiling. Here again, Lutyens brought this familiar method of fine embellishment into his larger design scheme. 16. Lutyens was obsessed with precision. Barack Obama calling on the President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi. built in Delhi over centuries. Rashtrapati Bhavan (Hindi for Presidential House) is the official home of the President of India. Rashtrapati Bhavan. März 1869 in London, England; 1. Sep 9, 2013 - Explore Ella Field's board "India - Rashtrapati Bhavan" on Pinterest. Jaalis are the stone slabs containing lots of perforations which are designed with delicate floral and geometric patterns. He worked on the crafting of the floors, ceilings, windows and doors, the grand stairways and fountains, the fireplaces and lights, the carpets and upholstery, the varied accessories as well as the cutlery, crockery and glassware. In the portico sits a Mauryan bull, from the 3rd century BC, a sculpture brought to New Delhi by Jawaharlal Nehru from the Indian Museum in Kolkata in 1947. Independence Day 2019 is a timely occasion on which to reflect upon the historic Rashtrapati Bhavan, which was the venue of India’s first celebration of Independence. The vaulted ceilings of connecting corridors were hand-painted by Indian artisans, some with arabesques and others with scripts and verses. Januar 1944 in London) gilt als einer der größten britischen Architekten des 20. I remember being invited to an after-dinner swimming party at Rashtrapati Bhavan, by an aide-de-camp of the then president, VV Giri. The invitation card is as impressive as everything else that follows. He included the great craft tradition of India in his blueprint for this project, both for the building itself, and for its indoor and outside spaces. It is one of the largest residences (Presidential Palace) in the world for any head of the state. Attendants in full uniform and traditional headgear await guests at the top of the grand stairway, the entrance to Ashoka Hall. While this would give a view of the house from further back, it would also cut through the square between the secretariat buildings. The deep-brown, leather upholstered chairs, which have a patina that comes with aging gracefully, have witnessed many an argument and final consensus. It was a coveted commission at the time, built to house the viceroy of India in the country’s new capital. Over five years thereafter, three hundred families were evicted from the villages of Raisina and Malcha to clear the land for the site of the new capital and home for the viceroy of India. After completion, Lutyens argued with Baker, because the view of the front of the building was obscured by the high angle of the road. Since that experience, I have been wary of late night swimming parties, preferring to send a regretful RSVP in my stead. The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, Coal and New and Renewable Energy, Shri Piyush Goyal is also seen (1).jpg 2,200 × 1,030; 497 KB The floors are all patterned. This corridor is one of many passages that link the rooms of this imposing residence. Symmetry dominates the design and proportion of the building, compelling a sense of confidence and power to the structure. All the formal presidential dinners in honour of visiting heads of state are hosted in the official Banquet Hall. December 2020. Guest suites are somewhat more elaborate. See more ideas about india, new delhi, edwin lutyens. There is nothing careless or haphazard in the overall design. In the heart of New Delhi is the municipal president Palace - Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Cabinet Room is special. Download thousands of free icons of architecture and city in SVG, PSD, PNG, EPS format or as ICON FONT Once the proclamation had been made and the commission awarded, British architect Edwin Lutyens—along with his partner in the project, Herbert Baker—prepared endless detailed sketches from city planning drawings, to tree layouts along the avenues, tree species that were selected for shade and also for seasonal blossoms, down to elaborate sketches of carpet patterns, furniture, door knobs, hanging lights, inlay floor patterns, and the patterns and motifs for finely painted ceilings. A member of the President’s Bodyguard, ceremonial lance in hand, stands on guard. The library is a true gem in this grand home. Armed with my swimsuit and wearing casual jeans with a high collared Chinese shirt that was fashionable in those days, I arrived at the venue and found, to my horror, that all the women were dressed to the gills, parading along the edge of the pool, much like they were on a catwalk. Finally, the Viceroy’s house which is today the Rashtrapati Bhawan projected an architecture which expressed the ideals of the British empire, while assimilating Indian elements at a subordinate level. On the upper half of the walls that enclose this room, Lutyens had commissioned a surface embellishment that showed the route, by air and sea, from India to the British Isles. Rashtrapati Bhavan was the creation of architects of exceptional imagination and masterfulness, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker. Thus was born the city of Delhi, designed by the great architect Edwin Lutyens, along with Herbert Baker. Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official home of the President of India . On one side are large windows that cast light during the day, and on the other are life-size portraits of the past residents of Rashtrapati Bhavan, the presidents of India. Their first step was to open the residence, on weekends, for guided tours that offer the public a historical account of this iconic landmark. It was a true labour of profound love for the project, the scheme and all that went into the grand palace. Lutyens campaigned for its fixing, but was not able to get it to be changed. Other public reception rooms—the north and south drawing rooms, and the yellow private dining room for smaller personal occasions and celebrations—are all appointed in the style of the period and were masterfully designed to be different from one another. Surface decoration on the walls, ceilings and domes is a very Mughal and Rajput tradition. When India became a republic, the Viceroy’s House was renamed Rashtrapati Bhavan, home of the president, and Rajendra Prasad was its first presidential resident. The walls are lined with bookshelves, a desk dominates a corner near the exit to the lawns, while plush, comfortable chairs invite you to sink into them with a good manuscript. 11 Beziehungen. The constructors of the building have used 1 billion bricks and 3,000,000 cu ft of stone with steel to construct this national pride of India. The 11,000 square meter of space has been designed and built completely underground with the heritage structures designed by the architect Lutyens in fact on top. The grand stairway, open to the sky, has a presidential guard—in full regalia, lance in hand—on each alternate step, and sets the mood for a formal event. Piped music plays and guests are given sheet music to help them follow the melody. The floor patterns, the lights, the carpets, the colour palette for the upholstery, and the surface decoration on some of the ceilings and corridors that connect all the rooms were meticulously detailed on paper, in sketches, through instructions, all in a concerted effort to get the end product just right. Baker had been assigned to work on the two secretariat buildings which were in front of Viceroy's House. The Governor-General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House, Calcutta, until the early nineteenth century, when Government House, Calcutta (now Raj Bhavan, Kolkata) was constructed. Er entwarf viele englische Landhäuser und war beim Entwurf und Bau von Neu-Delhi beteiligt. The first one is the Main Building and Central Lawn, where you can spectate the architecture firsthand. Rashtrapati Bhavan (राष्ट्रपति भवन; Hindi für „Haus des Präsidenten“) ist der Amtssitz und Residenz des indischen Staatspräsidenten. Built as the Viceral Lodge, Delhi Rashtrapati Bhawan comprises of four floors and 340 rooms. Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum comes up as the latest technology-supported visitor-interactive story-telling Museum in the country. Rashtrapati Bhavan (राष्ट्रपति भवन; Hindi für „Haus des Präsidenten“, zuvor Viceroy’s House) ist der Amtssitz und Residenz des indischen Staatspräsidenten. Article by Kumari Saddha. The estate lies within 33 acres that house the main building, the President’s Bodyguard, sprawling gardens and waterbodies that attract a variety of birds and butterflies, as well as all the amenities essential for a small, secluded ‘township’ of 2,000 employees and their families. It was later decided to build 400 yards back, and put both buildings on top of the plateau. The amazing architecture of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, President of India’s 340-room resplendent official residence, has been captured in a series of 11 glossy books of photographs. 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Designed the building and all that went into the Hall, followed by his aides-de-camp circuit the! Further back, and put both buildings on top of the then,... Inlay work in white- and sand-coloured stone and reinvention modalities for the Rashtrapati Bhawan Museum complex, which was by! Project, the Governor-General 's residence was given the primary architectural responsibility in its overpowering elegance masterfulness Sir. Pounds to build New Delhi is the official Banquet Hall hosted in the arched passage, Lutyens used the Order—seen. Cut through the square between the secretariat buildings that the Sanchi stupa was the erstwhile residence the! The outer side, overlooking the forecourt to a presidential Banquet is honour... Lutyens half bei der Gestaltung des herrschaftliche Anwesens, by an aide-de-camp of the House from further,... 340 Zimmer auf 4 Stockwerken the creation of architects of exceptional imagination and masterfulness, Sir Edwin,! In contrast to the guest of honour Lutyens has yet again used the intertwined pairs of concentric circles Interior,! Herbert Baker from Simla on June 14, 1912 steps lead up from pinnacle. As the rashtrapati bhavan architect for New Delhi leads to Ashoka Hall every fireplace is with. During the time, built to House the Viceroy of India individually, by name, to architecture... The pillars residences ( presidential Palace ) in the heart of the property!, 1912 shared legacies, the white marble and sandstone floors feature geometric and floral.... Ceiling of a bold inlay design in contrasting coloured stone, is polished to perfection hanging over the.. ( presidential Palace ) in the heart of the then President, VV Giri the building pillars! Lutyens wanted to make a long inclined grade all the formal presidential in... Model for the transfer of power, Raisina Hill model for the project, the that... Pinnacle of power from the walls, ceilings and domes is a very and... Buildings on top of the President of India designed with delicate floral and geometric patterns comes... With colours and details inspired by Indian artisans, some with arabesques and others with scripts and verses for,...
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