3. It was dominated by France and Great Britain, with Japan and Italy as the other two permanent members of the League Council (the rough equivalent to the UN Security Council and the highest authority on matters of international security). The French and British government had conflict of interest and they were reluctant in promising troops. Italian nationalists captured the small port of Fiume in 1919 in retaliation against the treatment of Italy in the Treaty of Versailles. It was headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and designed to be a forum for handling international disputes before they flared up into military action and caused domino effects that pulled ally nations into the conflict (as had happened with the Great War). Article 11 of the League’s Covenant stated:"Any war of threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safe guard peace. It is said that case should be read two times. The following are some of the events which led to the failure of the league of nations; 1. United States never joined the League; Soviet Union joined late in 1932 but was soon expelled when it invaded Finland; Germany, Japan as well as Italy withdrew from the League very soon. It was founded on 10 January 1920 following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War, and ceased operations on 20 April 1946. [1] Described as powerless and insecure, the League was not able to cope with the amounting tensions and stress that came with the crisis. [3]. Failure of the League of Nations While the League of Nations had some success, it ultimately suffered many failures before its demise during World War II. It was wrongly based on the unanimity of all the member nations. This document is highly rated by UPSC students and has been viewed 2 times. The failure of the disarmament conference organized in 1932 at the behest of the League of Nation. For example, the League of Nations proved to be successful in solving peacefully the conflict of the Saar Valley. The 1935 attack on Ethiopia by Italy 4. The major powers like USA and USSR were not members of the League of Nations. Overall, though the League of Nations was proven to be successful in certain areas, the successes were not enough to justify the creation of the League of Nations. The problem child of twentieth century history, the League of Nations often carries the blame for all the century’s ills. This is an important topic for the world history segment of the UPSC syllabus. 5. [4] As arbitration was the League’s initial strategy for peace-keeping, it was deemed ineffective; instead of acting on the dot, the League took up a painstakingly slow procedure of hearings and evaluations, in that time, the Japanese had already attacked and taken over Manchuria. [vi], Successes not related to territorial changes due to WW1, A major indication of this success is the conflict that arose between Greece and Italy in August 1923 following the assassination of the Italian members of an Inter-Allied Boundary Commission on Greek territory. Reasons for the failure of the League of Nations were as follows: The ultimate goal of League of Nation was achieving disarmament. This failure can be further evaluated through the League’s results in attempt to deal with the Invasion of Manchuria. The much-maligned League of Nations experienced difficulties and shortcomings, which are visible in the functioning of the modern UN – and to a lesser extent, the International Criminal Court. The League of Nations: The Growth of a system, By December 1920, 48 states had signed the League Covenant, pledging to work together to eliminate aggression between countries. This failure was the main reason for heavy destruction caused during the World War-II. The failure of the League of Nations can essentially be attributed to its structure. [vii], Italy sent a strongly worded message to the Greek Government demanding instant satisfaction but the Greek Government refused all responsibility for the incident and rejected some of the Italian demands. Formed first in 1919 it lasted for 26 years. These failures, especially in the 1930’s, cruelly exposed the weaknesses of the League of Nations and played a part in … [v], As an effect, the council carried out the partition of the disputed territory with hope of another plebiscite, and attempted at permanent peace in that part of Europe, through a special convention. Some of the causes of its failure are briefly mentioned as follows:- The political background of Europe at the time of the birth of the League was not very conducive to a peace organization. The ‘Failure’ of the League of Nations 7 Earlier, in 1931, the League had been even more passive in the face of Japan’s naked aggression against China in Manchuria. Failure of Disarmament – The League of Nation failed to convince other nations towards disarmament and only Germany was disarmed under the Treaty of Versailles. League of Nations: Organisation, Achievements and Causes of League of Nation are as follows: Objects of the League of Nations: . Topics discussed in this video are: Background, Powers, Organizations, Successes, Failures & Causes of Failure of League of Nations. [8] As like before, they were able to march into these lands with an iron fist, thereby, diplomatically dictating the rules, which forced the Germans to abide. In addition to failures, successes were also put forth by the League of Nations, though they were not as amounting, they still accounted for a percentage of the overall viewpoint that criticizers and evaluators of the League had to consider when coming to a consensus. As to what occurred in the Saar Valley, the League of Nations was able to prove its dominance and effectiveness, that is, they were able to instill their rigid viewpoint onto German and French sovereignty [6] . Two noteworthy examples that demonstrate this failure are the Abyssinian and the Manchurian Crisis. But it failed. AP.USH: KC‑7.3.II.C (KC), Unit 7: Learning Objective F, WOR (Theme) After World War I, US President Woodrow Wilson helped to build an international peacekeeping organization. The Italian government resolved the situation by bombarding the port of Fiume and forcing a surrender. 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