H. E. Vautelet was appointed Chairman and Chief Engineer with Maurice Fitzmaurice, then chief engineer of the London County Council, and Ralph Modjeski (STRUCTURE, January 2013) from the United States. The Panel went to Phoenixville to talk with Szlapka and J. The latticing of many of the compression members is not in proportion to the section of the members which they connect. Good technology has … And the feeling is even deeper than regret. It is the first river crossing The Quebec Bridge was twenty years in the making, from the founding of the Quebec Bridge Company in 1887 to the bridge�s collapse in 1907. This caused many setbacks in the design and construction. Read the latest articles of Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier’s leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature 1, in which the num-ber of failures are distributed with respect to the year the failures occurred. All materials contained in this website fall under U.S. copyright laws. Morandi Bridge was the centrepiece of a brand-new network of highways connecting Milan and Turin in the north to the tourist hotspots of the … The bridge project was financially troubled from the beginning. And we see parallels in many modern disasters. On August 1, 2007, the eight-lane Interstate 35W bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, collapsed catastrophically during rush hour, killing 13 people and severing a crucial connection across the Mississippi River. A. parative analysis involving two previous studies is presented. The most important were as follows: e. The failure cannot be attributed directly to any cause other than errors in judgment on the part of these two engineers. The Minister, upon considering the high cost of building highway approaches to the bridge, decided to omit the two roadways and accepted plan B of the St. Lawrence Bridge Company. The report had fifteen findings. 0000003454 00000 n 0000003532 00000 n Cracks usually start on the spline teeth at the shaft junction zone. Building Defects Analysis (BD01) Building Regulations Explained (BR01) Fire Safety - Technical Guidance Document B Explained (FS01) Liability, Indemnity & Structural Defects Insurances (IN01) Part L (Conservation of Fuel & Energy) Building Regulations Update (PL01) Technical Standards Update (TU01) Effective Use of Steam From there, the key is to ask why something happened and we can trace the incident’s causes to create a Cause Map, an extremely effective Root Cause Analysis tool. LEARNING FROM FAILURES: CASE STUDIES Version II 42 - {PAGE } 3.2 Millennium Bridge at London This 320 span Aluminium and Stainless Steel Bridge across the River Thames inm London was opened on 10 June 2000 amidst a lot of fanfare. The article describes four famous bridge failures and gives some of the lessons learned: the Howe Truss at Ashtabula in 1876; the Tay Bridge disaster in 1879; the first failure of the Quebec Bridge in 1907 and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. After a great deal of study, they fully endorsed the Holgate Report, as well as that of C. C. Schneider. If any tender could improve on it so much the better. H�\��R�0E{}Ŗv!YZ��� A cantilever bridge was proposed as the most feasible design to bridge the harsh, icy waters of the St. Lawrence River. A failure analysis of these collapses is clearly presented in a way that nontechnical readers can understand. The chairman of the team was Henry Holgate, assisted by two civil engineering professors, John Galbraith from the University of Toronto and J. G. G. Kerry from McGill University. FAILURE CAUSE Reprinting or other use of these materials without express permission of NCSEA is prohibited. and Theodore Cooper, the most reputed engineer of that time became the main consulting Cooper stated, “I had and have implicit confidence in the honesty and ability of Peter Szlapka, the designing engineer of the Phoenix Bridge Co., and when I was unable to give matters the careful study that it was my duty to give them, I accepted the work to some extent upon my faith in Mr. Szlapka’s ability and probity.” Another question and answer was. They felt not only horror at the fearful loss of life, sorrow and sympathy for their brothers whose professional and business reputation were dealt a cruel blow when the huge steel structure fell into the St. Lawrence, but also a sense of personal loss as well. b. This article investigates the cause of the failure of some parts of a two-storey building under construction, in Oba-Ile, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Analysis of spline joint failure [ 9] shows that the press fitting of the joining elements can cause surface deformation which in turn causes surface cracks formation. Scheer draws attention instead to the non-compactness of the critical steel section, and hence its inability to redistribute internal constraint stresses in a plastic manner. Part 1 of this article was published in the December issue of STRUCTURE magazine. Click here for audio of Episode 220. On May 17, 1911, C. C. Schneider was appointed a full member of the Board, which then consisted of Monsarrat, Modjeski and Schneider. The structural analysis results, by using various bridge design codes to determine the design forces, are compared. However, when they take place all at once, they result in devastating consequences. The 1994 collapse of the Seongsu Bridge in Korea was due to poor quality steel in some parts of the bridge and improper welding techniques in the bridge's construction. Should they be vertical and parallel, or inclined as on the Forth Bridge? 0000000976 00000 n n. The professional knowledge of the present day concerning the action of steel columns under load is not sufficient to enable engineers to economically design such structures as the Quebec bridge. The first time tragedy occurred in 1907. Comments posted to STRUCTURE website do not constitute endorsement by NCSEA, CASE, SEI, C3 Ink, or the Editorial Board. The design contains the minimum of secondary members and requires few, if any, temporary members during erection. Sterling Deans, the Reeves Brothers and others. The Board was initially in favor of a cantilever bridge, but they also looked at several suspension bridge designs before deciding on a cantilever. However, when they hit a bridge that’s structurally too rigid to withstand them, it leads to failure.By Mike Wills (Flickr) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Co… The bridge … c�$��}VV�"�V���{�j�[h{� *G�}˪�J��g� ���5. Describe how a lack of "professionalism" or "conscientiousness" may have helped lead to this failure. During the collapse, the workers were working on the cantilever arm. Failure analysis of a first stage IN738 gas turbine blade tip cracking in a thermal power plant - Open access. The causes of building collapse can be classified under general headings to facilitate analysis. 0000000682 00000 n The erroneous assumption was made by Mr. Szlapka and accepted by Mr. Cooper and tended to hasten the disaster. Before an investigation even had time to get started, the Minneapolis bridge failure had reignited an old debate about whether the United States was investing enough […] The type of design offers greater safety to life and property during erection, as well as economy and rapidity of construction. While I have my views and such views are at the service of those who have heretofore relied on me, I shall decline to take any executive or responsible position in connection with the corrections of the errors that we now recognize in this work; it must be referred to younger and abler men. 0000002677 00000 n No engineer has any right whatever to consider his responsibilities lessened because his fee is not as large as it should be… The failure of the Quebec bridge reflects in no way whatever upon the American engineering profession, it simply shows that the exactions of responsibility unfortunately make no compromise with the disabilities of age and ill health, even when combined with a meager compensation.”. These are bad design, faulty construction, foundation failure, extraordinary load, unexpected ... and the Tacoma Narrows bridge in the 1940's, from this cause [1,2]. The Quebec Bridge was the longest cantilever structure attempted until that time. The drop to the tidal flats was 20 m (70 ft) (Feld and Carper 1997, p. 145). The Quebec Bridge was the longest cantilever structure attempted until that time. The work was then turned over to the Transcontinental Railway Commission. To have this public confidence receive such a blow as this at Quebec is a loss almost incalculable. Possible corrective actions (How to make it not fail). Blame for the Quebec bridge failure diffuses out among a lot of people, all of whom were distracted from the job itself. The cable‐stayed Shipshaw bridge, which crosses the Saguenay river near Jonquière, Québec, suffered significant structural damage during the earthquake. 0000002085 00000 n How… For example, the 1907 collapse of the Lawrence River bridge in Quebec (pictured) was widely stated to have been due to the underestimation of dead loads in calculation. A total of 75 men were killed instantly, with 11 escaping with their lives, in the bridge collapse on August 29, 1907. All of the parts, especially the lower compression chords, were much larger than the Phoenix Bridge/Cooper design. The present design is not well adapted to a structure of the magnitude of the Quebec Bridge and should, therefore, be discarded and a different design adopted for the new bridge, retaining only the length of the spans in order to use the present piers. Our designers provide bridge engineering, bridge replacement, and bridge servicing on everything from suspension bridges to pedestrian bridges. The Commission also talked with Charles Macdonald, Henry Hodge, Ralph Modjeski, F. C. Kunz and John V. W. Reynders of the Pennsylvania Steel Company that was building the Blackwell’s Island Bridge across the East River in New York City. A fascinating aspect of these failures is their regularity, a display of the mode of failure, which needs to be recognized and avoided by design and maintenance. The Engineering News wrote: “It is with keenest regret that we record the collapse on Aug. 29 of the great cantilever bridge under construction over the St. Lawrence River at Quebec. Quebec Bridge (Canada) This is not the first destruction of the bridge. They went to New York City to interview Theodore Cooper for a week and then went to Phoenixville to interview the Phoenix Bridge Company personnel. first Quebec Bridge) or because the failure was part of some supporting false- work (e.g. trailer << /Size 82 /Info 67 0 R /Root 69 0 R /Prev 440060 /ID[<7929d8e55cf0cf1af163c5df62e182ff><7929d8e55cf0cf1af163c5df62e182ff>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 69 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 65 0 R >> endobj 80 0 obj << /S 258 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 81 0 R >> stream Historically, the most infamous bridge failures include the Ashtabula bridge (Ohio, 1876), Tay Bridge (Dundee, Scotland, 1879), Quebec Bridge (St. Lawrence River, 1905), and Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Tacoma, Washington, 1940), which achieved notoriety because the catastrophic collapse was captured on an amateur’s movie camera. Young and Trekless is the travel website for independent women. The De la Concorde overpass in Laval, Quebec, Canada collapsed in 2006, killing five. 1 re- 0000000997 00000 n Quebec is reporting more than 2,000 new cases of COVID-19 for the first time since the pandemic began, as well as dozens of new deaths.But the province's Public Health Institute says the figure is inflated by a number of cases identified the day before that were not captured in Friday's case count. h. A grave error was made in assuming the dead load for the calculation at too low a value and not afterward revising this assumption. Why it failed. Writing down goals is a key starting point for any Root Cause Analysis. 68 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 70 /H [ 682 315 ] /L 441548 /E 150130 /N 20 /T 440070 >> endobj xref 68 14 0000000016 00000 n Several investigations were held, with the major one, the Royal Commission staffed by Canadian engineers, appointed on August 30, the day after the failure. The Quebec Bridge was 20 years in the making, from the found ing of the Quebec Bridge Company in 1887 to the bridge’s col lapse in 1907. April 2017. The Board, with the full financial backing of the government, consulted freely with other engineers and bridge building companies to help them make their decision. Their reasons were as follows: a. The failure of the Quebec bridge reflects in no way whatever upon the American engineering profession, it simply shows that the exactions of responsibility unfortunately make no compromise with the disabilities of age and ill health, even when combined with a meager compensation.” 2. This caused many setbacks in the design and construction. Root Cause Analysis Step #2. The overall pattern of the graph depicted in Fig. The ability of the two engineers was tried in one of the most difficult professional problems of the day and proved to be insufficient for the task. Lodden Bridge). September 11, 1916. The bridge collapsed during construction on August 29, 1907, killing eighty-six workers. Fitzmaurice resigned his position in June 1910 to return full time to his position in London. Sushila Rani | Atul K. Agrawal | Vikas Rastogi Failure analysis of the fasten system of wheels used in mining pickup trucks - Open access. The results from nonlinear finite-element analysis, simulating the concrete deterioration, are used to explain the cause of failure of the thick cantilever slab under essentially its … "Internationla Journal of … Near the end of a long day, he noticed that a rivet that he had driven no more than an hour before had snapped clean in two. c. The system of triangulation, by dividing the web stresses, reduces the members to more practical sections and simplifies the details of construction. The Engineering Record wrote of the Report, “It is seldom that the responsible engineer for any work great or small has more authoritatively or more effectively impressed his engineering judgment upon the work in his charge than in this case… Perhaps the most painful part of the evidence is that in which the Consulting Engineer makes the plea of impaired health for not exacting from both the contractor and the Quebec Bridge Co. certain requirements of design and plans in the one case, and the necessary organization for the proper performance of the work on the other. The bridge was only partially constructed, but parts were already bending and breaking from the weight of the bridge itself. In addition, the Board hired C. C. Schneider (STRUCTURE, January 2011) to advise them on structural design of the bridge. Cooper’s testimony, as well as that of the Phoenix Bridge personnel, was extensive and published in the journals of the day. %PDF-1.2 %���� Torsional fatigue caused by fluctuating stress promotes crack growth and propagation. Unfortunately such pleas are admissions of official shortcoming, however much a man may feel the disability of ill health, they give him no relief from official responsibility. We are sure this regret is shared by every engineer who takes the least pride in his profession and its achievements. One of four anchorage plates connecting the steel box girders to one abutment failed, apparently due to the ground shaking. Experience STRUCTURE magazine at its best! Schneider had seven conclusions, the most important ones being: 2. The Quebec Bridge Company was first incorporated by Act of Parliament under the government of Sir John A. Macdonald in 1887, later revived in 1891, once again revived for good in 1897 by the government of Wilfrid Laurier, who granted them an extension of time in 1900. 0000002868 00000 n In the late 19th century, the transportation needs of Quebec led to proposals for bridging the St. Lawrence River. Eng., P.E., P.L.S. As already introduced in Section 3.6.2, cantilevering for concrete segmental bridges is a A contract was signed with the St. Lawrence Bridge Company, a joint venture of the Dominion Bridge Company and the Canadian Bridge Company, on April 4, 1911. In 1903, the bond issue was increased to $6,000,000 and power to grant preference shares was authorised, along with a n… Work on the bridge proper began on May 21, 1914, when the traveler moved out onto the falsework for the anchor arm. There is one only clear way by which he can divest himself of the responsibilities of official position and that is by a formal withdrawal from it… The Consulting Engineer makes a further point in his evidence that the fee he received was quite insufficient to enable him to maintain a proper office work force for the discharge of the duties imposed upon him in his official capacity… When he accepted the fee he accepted all of the responsibilities of the position. About first collapse of the bridge The bridge was nearing completion, when the local engineering began noticing increasing distortions of key structural members already in place. Engineers were concerned, but unable to take action swiftly enough. What failed. Modjeski and Fitzmaurice were still carrying on their own engineering careers and had reservations about the design, while Vautelet devoted full time to the project. QUEBEC CITY BRIDGE (AUGUST 1907) At the time of construction, the Quebec City Bridge was to be a wonder of engineering and the longest bridge in the world. Would you now recommend any material changes in the detailing of these or any other members, and, if so, what would these changes be? [Cooper and Szlapka]. After reviewing the tenders, Vautelet, Macdonald and Modjeski reported to the Minister of Railways and Canals that “design V of the Board and the scheme of erection proposed by any one of the bridge companies would result in a satisfactory structure.” They also recommended designs A, B, C of the St. Lawrence Bridge Company. Q. The specifications were accepted without protest by all interested. First Quebec Bridge Palm Beach Arch Bridge Attica Bridge Chester River Bridge Summary FAILURES DUE TO INADEQUATE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES General Ashtabula Bridge Second Quebec Bridge Germany's Frankenthal Bridge Spokane River Bridge Tacoma, Washington Bridge Summary 1 1 5 7 8 8 8 10 16 26 30 35 38 42 42 42 55 58 60 62 65 65 65 70 The Panel prepared its own design, largely that of Vautelet, which had parallel trusses, straight chords and an unusual web pattern. The 1907 collapse of the Quebec Bridge crossing the St. Lawrence River at Quebec City shows how engineering miscalculations can lead to disaster. The assessments for these failures were based on • In 1882 Quebec Bridge Company was granted the contract for the bridge • Due to short finance , nothing was done until 1887 when Quebec Bridge was incorporated with the Railway Company • Now the new management demanded to get the project rolling a.s.a.p. The trusses, as shown in the design submitted to this writer, do not conform to the requirements of the approved specifications, and are inadequate to carry the traffic or loads specified. In its final design, the clear span was 548.6 m (1,800 ft) long. Questions or comments regarding this website are encouraged: Contact the webmaster. We ensure that new and existing assets are not only highly functional, but also fit the local setting and support their community for decades to come. It will be easier to avoid major failures when occurring approximately every 30 years: 1847, 1879, 1907 (Quebec Bridge failure… d. The general appearance of the structure is, in our opinion, improved. Quebec Bridge (Canada) This is not the first destruction of the bridge. Reichsbrücke: Vienna: Austria 1 August 1976: Road bridge with tram: Column fractured 1 killed, 0 injured Bridge, one bus and a lorry destroyed, ships damaged Everyone associated with the bridge believed that with all the precautions taken and checking done, nothing could possibly go wrong during construction, and the bridge would open in 1916.▪, Dr. Frank Griggs, Jr. specializes in the restoration of historic bridges, having restored many 19th Century cast and wrought iron bridges. (fgriggsjr@twc.com). Weren’t Cooper and the Phoenix Bridge Company acknowledged to be leaders in the bridge building business? Whatever life has brought your way, we give you the resources and the motivation to live your travel dreams! A few of the tenders submitted, along with final design 1910. It could not be otherwise. 6. In the same month, the Department of Railways and Canals officially requested tenders on their “superstructure design comprising 80 sheets of drawings, 6 or 8 feet long, and contract bids on them and on alternate plans which may be prepared by the contractors in accordance with the printed specifications.” In other words, the Panel had a design, which, even if they had some reservations about it, would work. It engages, enlightens, and empowers structural engineers through interesting, informative, and inspirational content. Should they have straight or polygonal chords? He was succeeded by Charles Macdonald (STRUCTURE, January 2009), who agreed to serve only as long as necessary to evaluate the tenders. The bridge’s skewed simple spans were suspended on pins and hangers. A second attempt to bridge the St. Lawrence River was made. Are shown in Fig quality of sand used for concrete production on the compression members not! 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Or the Editorial Board unable to take action swiftly enough the shaft junction.... 7, 1913 when the traveler moved out onto the falsework for the anchor arm larger than the Bridge/Cooper.
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