macaque monkey brain

3A). “I hope many studies will follow that will try to better understand the role of thalamus not only in the state of consciousness, but also in perceptual processes.”. This physiological change would be expected to combine with known age-associated increases in L-type calcium channel conductance and calcium release from intracellular stores to result in higher calcium levels in hippocampal neurons of aged rats (19⇓⇓–22). The macaques constitute a genus of gregarious Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The brain was removed, and cortex was separated from subcortical structures and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose. Importantly, the number of a specific type of interneuron expressing the neuropeptide somatostatin was positively associated with memory function in aged rats (25). George is a senior staff reporter at Gizmodo. The brains were extracted and … While cortical neurons are not lost with age, unbiased stereological assessments indicate that there is a 30 to 60% decrease in prefrontal cortical synapse density with age (34), and that both excitatory and inhibitory synapses are vulnerable (35). We present a quadrature volume coil designed for brain imaging of a macaque monkey fixed in a sphinx position (facing down the bore) within a stereotactic frame at 3 T, where the position of the monkey and presence of the frame preclude use of existing coils. NAS colloquia began in 1991 and have been published in PNAS since 1995. In terms of the ethics involved, “University of Wisconsin-Madison Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures, which conformed to the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,” the authors wrote in the paper. (D) Remarkably, animals with fewer outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlea had more neurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the auditory brainstem. Critically, there was a selective decrease in somatostatin-positive interneuron density in the stratum oriens layer of CA3 (Fig. As a result, histological experiments aimed at quantifying the number of neurons expressing calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) were conducted throughout the central auditory system. 5C). Since most CaBPs operate as intracellular calcium buffers (67), the greater expression of these proteins in the auditory system of older animals has been proposed to reflect cellular response mechanisms to the potentially pathophysiological environment associated with greater calcium levels. Superior auditory processing, however, was related to better overall cognitive function. D, dorsal; L, lateral; M, medial; V, ventral. This finding indicates a cross-species similarity in this age-associated hyperexcitability between rats and humans (15, 16). Macaque Monkey is a YouTube channel that upload everyday about MONKEY. The brain of four adult male Rhesus macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M1-4) (~10–15 y old,~9 kg) were used in this study. Furthermore, cognitive and sensory brain structures in nonhuman primates share many more organizational principles with human brains than do the brains of phylogenetically more distant laboratory animals such as rodents (7⇓⇓⇓–11) (Fig. Scientists genetically modified rhesus macaque monkeys with a human gene thought to play a role in the development of our big brains. Contribution of frontal and temporal lobe function to memory interference from divided attention at retrieval, Age-related impairment in executive functioning: Updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. One location along the ascending auditory pathway where these interspecies differences are clear is within the superior olivary complex (SOC) in the ventral brainstem. Because cognitive problems arise relatively late in the progression of these diseases, some participants considered to be aging normally may actually have undetected pathophysiological brain markers during the period when behavioral testing is conducted (5). May 21, 2012. Interaural time differences are the primary cue used to localize lower frequency sounds, and these computations primarily involve the medial superior olivary (MSO) nucleus (74, 75). I’d absolutely be down for a brain implant that I could switch myself off like a light by stimulating the thalamus at a different frequency, then waking myself up. Knowing how it makes people unconscious is an important step in making anesthesia safer.”. Episodic memory refers to an individual’s recollection of a particular event in place and time and is considered among the most advanced forms of human memory. In support of this idea, there is evidence that occlusions of distinct cerebral arteries result in different patterns of cognitive dysfunction, indicating that there is some level of regional specificity in the impact of a given vascular insult (98). It can be used as 486 coronal, 346 horizontal, or 191 parasagittal 150-um thick 'sections'. The scientists also monitored their EEG responses to both common and unusual sounds, “which can distinguish consciousness from unconscious subjects,” she added. An important clue to a critical brain change that occurs in aging came from a study that used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate that the CA3/dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus is more active in older individuals than in younger adults as they attempt to discriminate increasingly overlapping visual stimuli (15). Macaques with object recognition memory deficits display hyperactivity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus that is associated with fewer somatostatin(SOM)-positive inhibitory interneurons. An important consideration in interpreting these data is that auditory information processing in the primate forebrain primarily occurs along the dorsal and lateral banks of the superior temporal gyrus (9, 96). Alternatively, if it allowed one to stay awake for longer periods of time before reaching exhaustion by continuously stimulating that region, that’d be pretty great too. Reproduced with permission from ref. Observations of central auditory system hyperexcitability led to the hypothesis that some aspects of presbycusis may result from altered calcium dynamics in aged auditory neurons that could lead to cell dysfunction and excitotoxicity that disrupts network function. “Essentially, we were looking for increases in behaviors that you would normally see in an animal—or human—that was waking up from anesthesia.”. 58. 58; and 59, which is published under CC BY 3.0. In particular, superior auditory processing was associated with better performance on tests of concurrent reversal learning, object recognition memory, and discrimination of objects with high feature overlap, but not with performance on tests of reward devaluation, spatial short-term memory, or object discrimination. Nonhuman animals also do not spontaneously develop dementing neurodegenerative diseases, which eliminates a major confound often encountered in human brain aging research. Recent work utilizing aging macaques provides a perspective on the association between auditory and cognitive function across the lifespan ( 90 ). Nonhuman primates will be a critical component to the future of brain aging research since many aspects of cognitive aging simply cannot be properly modeled in other laboratory animals. Because MCPH1 is a key gene for neurogenesis, one of the expected phenotypic outcomes in the transgenic monkeys would be a larger brain, which was not the case in this study. The brains from these animals were then harvested and serially sectioned for immunohistochemical labeling of 2 chemically distinct classes of inhibitory cells: somatostatin-positive and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Importantly, auditory processing abilities were not associated with the microstructural condition of white matter in the frontal thalamic radiations (Fig. Functional anatomical work has shown that neurons belonging to each pathway participate in vastly different aspects of acoustic processing, with the parvalbumin-rich direct pathway primarily acting as an information-relay system and the calbindin-rich indirect pathway acting more as a modulator (68). We do not capture any email address. (Bottom) Rats, on the other hand, have a drastically expanded LSO relative to humans and macaques, as well as a significantly reduced MSO. With respect specifically to a calcium homeostasis approach, there is evidence that CaBP expression differs considerably between the auditory systems of primates and rodents. Although in macaque monkeys the rubrospinal tract is an important contributor to recovery, it is unclear how far this can be extended to humans, where the rubrospinal projection is thought to be very weak (Nathan and Smith, 1955; Onodera and Hicks, 2010). About monkey density and CA3 firing rates were not different between age groups in either.... This hypothesis, the efficacy of neural circuits in relatively close proximity might become Similarly impacted vascular. Both within and between brain regions, aged neurons can exhibit striking in. Nomenclature of gene products to enhance accuracy in scientific and public communication indicate! Monkey giving birth, cute baby monkeys, researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison have uncovered evidence. That not all aspects of frontal and temporal lobe-dependent cognition had lower auditory brainstem response pure-tone thresholds... Unconscious is an important step in making anesthesia safer. ” in making safer.... 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